Oct 27, 2015 in this essay, the author argues that the national context is essential for understanding sectarian conflict in the middle east today. Democracy, authoritarianism and regime change in the arab. Pdf why did authoritarian forms of governance become the. Karakoc, karakoc, julide, authoritarianism in the middle east before and after the arab uprisings. Before and after the arab uprisings julide karakoc ed, palgrave macmillan, march 2015 why are some middle eastern countries resistant to democratization and what are the reasons for the instability of. Republics and monarchies, formal and informal participation, patronclient relationships, the social contract in the middle east, populist politics and. This article builds upon the authors previous article, the robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east, comparative politics, 36 january 2004. The new authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa indiana series in middle east studies king, stephen j. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Springborg 1990 politics in the middle east, 3rd edn. Pdf the roots of authoritarianism in the middle east. Phrase searching you can use double quotes to search for a series of words in a particular order. Excerpted from authoritarianism in the middle east.
The roots of authoritarianism in the middle east springerlink. Middle east centre public lecture democracy, authoritarianism and regime change in the arab world professor lisa anderson provost, american university in cairo london school of economics and political science wednesday july 2011 check against delivery for decadescertainly since the fall of the berlin wall, and for some among the older of. There has been a longlasting conflict in the middle eastern politics between the ideology of arab nationalism and the. However, the middle east never really did democratize. Structural conditions and causal processes revisited data sources, descriptive statistics, robustness checks, and quantities of interest james w. Cambridge core middle east studies anatomy of authoritarianism in the arab republics by joseph sassoon due to high volumes of traffic at this time we are experiencing some slowness on the site. Turkeys slide into authoritarianism middle east quarterly. Theories of authoritarianism in the middle east and north. Whereas most other regions in the world have embarked upon a path of democratisation, trends in the mena appear to be adverse. This is particularly striking given the fact that over the last three decades. Mcguire anne mariel peters department of government wesleyan university 238 church street middletown, ct, 064590019. In the middle east, fiscal policy has gone through dramatic changes over the past 50 years, with state expenditures first growing to extraordinary levels, and then shrinking enormously.
Starting in tunisia and spreading quickly to egypt, bahrain, yemen. The robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east scholars at. The roots of authoritarianism in the middle east egyptian. The arab spring created a great hope all around the world for the collapse of authoritarian regimes and the establishment of democratic governments in the middle. Up g r a d i n g au thoritarianism in t h e ar a b wo r l d. Unless regional leaders move quickly to strike new bargains with their citizens, they could see unrest on the scale of the 2011 arab uprisings, which toppled dictatorships across the region, from egypt to tunisia. It seemed only logical to assume that the middle east would democratize as well.
Furthermore, the arab states reinforce each other in their authoritarianism and repression. The roots of authoritarianism in the middle east the article is a chapter from. The vast majority of countries in middle east and north africa have adopted authoritarian rule, and it thus became the norm. In the middle east, then, class formations and identities are made by regimes bent on reproducing socioeconomic coalitions sustaining them in power. Authoritarian democracy and democratic authoritarianism jon b.
In this essay, the author argues that the national context is essential for understanding sectarian conflict in the middle east today. Explaining middle eastern authoritarianism marcus noland marcus noland, senior fellow, has been associated with the institute since 1985. The concern over issues of democracy in the middle east has been prevalent among academics since the end of the cold war and the subsequent third wave of global democratization, from which the middle east was largely exempt. Under personal threat, libertarians become more intolerant, more supportive of autocracy, and less supportive of democracy. Pdf the two questions dealt with in this contribution are. Anatomy of authoritarianism in the arab republics by joseph.
Why authoritarianism is collapsing in the middle east 362019 10. The salience of authoritarianism over theology middle east institute. Sustaining authoritarianism in the middle east and north. The authors eschew cultural explanations, highlighting instead the. Middle east comparative international development authoritarian regime arab world political violence these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Middle east politics the intrinsic relationship between religion and politics is greatly exposed by the developments in the middle eastern politics and it is widely accepted that religious ideologies have been the basic factors affecting political ideologies in the region. With the decline of oil prices, the fundamental bargain underpinning stability in middle eastern states such as saudi arabia and jordan is coming undone. Reconsidering the robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east lessons from the arab spring eva bellin the arab spring has proven astonishing and exhilarating to middle east analysts and activists alike. Sustaining authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa stephen j. Why do authoritarian regimes prevail in the middle east, while successful democratic transitions are occurring elsewhere in the developing world. Between 1974 and 1990 the number of democratic governments in the world nearly doubled. Exceptionalism in comparative perspective, comparative politics, 36 2, pp. Up g r a d i n g au thoritarianism in t h e ar a b wo r l d st e v e n he y d e m a n n analysis paper number, october 2007 th e br o o k i n g s in s t i t u t i o n 1775 massach u set ts av e.
Authoritarianism in the middle east addresses this question, focusing on the role of political institutions and the strategic choices made by both rulers and opposition challengers. Authoritarianism in the arab world is not what it used to be. Anatomy of authoritarianism in the arab republics by. Jul, 2011 middle east centre public lecture democracy, authoritarianism and regime change in the arab world professor lisa anderson provost, american university in cairo london school of economics and political science wednesday july 2011 check against delivery. Does oil sustain authoritarianism in the middle east.
The new authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa by stephen j. Lewis, democratization polity press and the open university, 1997, pp. Authoritarian regimes and their perpetuation in the middle east. This has led us to ask, how can class best be defined and its explanatory value understood in the middle east and, most importantly, how does the overlap between class and. Here, we examine whether minorities differ in their support for authoritarianism from the majority groups in four middle eastern states. Wildcard searching if you want to search for multiple variations of a word, you can substitute a special symbol called a wildcard for one or more letters. These efforts to bring the middle east back in to the study of political reform and democratic transitions bore fruition, significantly, with the january 2004 publication of a special issue of comparative politics, a leading journal, devoted to the durability of authoritarianism in the middle east. Research on authoritarian resilience in the middle east has been largely silent on linguistic and religious minorities preferences over regime types. The how and why of authoritarianism the mechanics of authoritarian rule. Western scholars expected the middle east to democratize as well.
Bolme over the last 40 years, many countries in the world have been democra tized. The local politics of economic reform in tunisia bloomington. The new authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa. Legal roots of authoritarian rule in the middle east.
The robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east essay. The works collected in the lure of authoritarianism consider the normative appeal of authoritarianism in light of the 2011 popular uprisings in the middle east. Then, in 2014, the regions leaders were dealt another blow when the price of oil plummeted, threatening the basic model of governance on which their power rested. The vast majority of human history has been organized in what we would now call authoritarian, or at least nondemocratic, regimes tribes, kingships, monarchies, empires, oligarchic city states, slave republics. Indiana university press, 2003 and various articles on the politics of economic reform in the middle east and north africa. There are a number of different theories of why it has been so hard for democracy to take root in the middle east, with various studies pointing to factors like poverty, lack of education, inequality, interference by colonial powers andor the cold war powers, or a lack of established civil society.
Authoritarianism in the middle east evaluates and analyses ongoing instabilities and authoritarian tendencies in the middle east region before and after the arab uprisings. The authoritarian regimes of the middle east proved to be resilient to political change. Arab culture and islam to explain the authoritarianism in the middle. The authoritarian regimes of the middle east proved to be resilient to political. Beginning with the ottoman empire and lasting long after the treaty of sevre divided the ottoman empire into the several small states that make up the middle east today. In his critically acclaimed book, th e shia revival. Working paper 055 explaining middle eastern authoritarianism. An overview and critique of the cumulative layers of theoretical tradition that seeks to explain democratic and nondemocratic outcomes provides a wealth of tools for understanding the middle east case.
The new authoritarianism in the middle east and north. Request pdf on jan 1, 2005, marsha pripstein posusney and others published authoritarianism in the middle east. Democracy and authoritarianism in the middle east 22 dec 2009 introduction over the past few decades and especially at the turn of the century, there has been a flurry of reforms proposed and passed by governments in the middle east, seeking to of modernization, as well as promising progress towards a more democratic, politicallyopen society. Large parts of africa and asia had both modernized and democratized. Toward a political theory of sectarianism in the middle east. Persistence of authoritarianism in the middle east and. Although there are no earth shattering new arguments and many of the essays seem rather selfevident to one who is familiar with the region, it nonetheless provides a rare look into the politics of the middle east that is often missing from generalized discussions of authoritarianism. Pol479pol2418 selected topics in middle east politics, department of political science fall 2017, wednesdays 57pm, location. While the number of electoral democracies has nearly doubled. What explains the democratic deficit and authoritarian persistence in the middle east. Authoritarianism in the middle east university of washington. Authoritarian regimes and their perpetuation in the middle. He was a senior economist at the council of economic advisers in the executive office of the president of the united states and has held research or teaching. Identity politics and authoritarianism in a new middle east morten valbjorn aarhus university abstract shiasunni sectarianism.
Various theories were developed to explain the sustenance of arab authoritarianism. The new authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa indiana series in middle east studies. Pdf the new authoritarianism in the middle east and. Using an original measure of authoritarianism, i find evidence that libertarians in the middle east react as predicted by adt. Middle east and north africa is not why democracy has failed to consolidate in this region failure would be expected but rather why the vast majority of middle eastern and north african states have failed to initiate transition at all. Pdf the roots of authoritarianism in the middle east selin m. Authoritarianism and protest politics in the middle east. Civic legacies of the islamic waqf in the legal system of the premodern middle east, the closest thing to an autonomous private organization was the islamic waqf. Perhaps surprisingly, none of them has profoundly touched the middle east and north africa mena, which to date only host a very limited number of democratic. How confl icts within islam will shape the future, vali nasr has suggested that traditional concepts and categories used to explicate the middle east, such as modernity, democracy, fundamen.
Why authoritarianism is collapsing in the middle east. Authoritarianism in the middle east the middle east as a region and as a people have always been subject to authoritarian governing bodies. The region of the middle east and north africa mena appears to be an exception when it comes to the persistence of authoritarianism. Why does authoritarianism tend to persist in the middle east. This nonstate institution inhibited political participation, collective. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The salience of authoritarianism over theology nader hashemi abstract.
The robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east. Theories of authoritarianism in the middle east and north africa. King he is the author of liberalization against democracy. Jul 17, 2006 for middle east applications, see simon bromley, middle east exceptionalism myth or reality. Under normative threat, libertarians become less intolerant, less supportive of autocracy, and.
However eva bellins paper the robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east argues that none of those factors seem to adequately explain the situation in the middle east. Democracy, authoritarianism and regime change in the arab world. Authoritarian persistence, democratization theory and the. Lasse leipziger international relations in the middle east 27112015 5. Looking in depth at two states that have had significantly different outcomes from the uprisings tunisia and bahrain the article analyses the. Why did authoritarian forms of governance become the norm in the postcolonial middle east. Oct 15, 2007 authoritarianism in the arab world is not what it used to be. The robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east exceptionalism in comparative perspective eva bellin why have the middle east and north africa remained so singularly resistant to democratization. Despite what seemed to be a popular revolution in favor of more democratic politics, there has instead been a slide back toward authoritarian regimes that merely gesture toward notions. Indeed, it might well be stronger, more flexible, and more resilient than ever, despite the best efforts of the united states, its. Most countries in the middle east have, at best, facade democracies. For example, world war ii with quotes will give more precise results than world war ii without quotes.
A recent example for this would be the saudisupported suppression of the revolts in bahrain. Pdf rents, reform, and authoritarianism in the middle east. Alterman friday, may 29, 2009 for a part of the world that doesnt have a. Beginning with the ottoman empire and lasting long after the treaty of sevre divided the ottoman empire into the several small states that make up. Our teams are looking into this as we speak and we hope to be able to resolve this issue as soon as possible. Through a unique collection of essays drawn from rich case studies, authoritarianism in the middle east provides important insights into the ongoing instabilities of the middle east, and the authoritarianism and democratisation processes that have led to dramatic sociopolitical transformations.
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